Resistance training, also known as strength training or weight training, is a method of training against an external force to gain strength, power, and muscle size. There is a wide variety of methods and philosophies of training based on goals and outcomes, but new research is shedding light on the benefits of eccentric resistance training.

To understand these benefits, let’s begin with a brief review of muscle physiology. Muscle contractions are grouped into two categories, isometric or isotonic. Isometric contraction of a muscle generates tension without changing length. 

An example is holding a dumbbell halfway up in a biceps curl, like carrying your groceries! The muscles generate sufficient force to prevent the object from being dropped. 

Isotonic contractions can be eccentric, the lengthening of the muscle under tension, or concentric, the muscle shortening under tension. As we move, muscles provide both positive and negative external work. Positive work is a result of concentric muscle action, muscle tension is sufficient to overcome the load, and the muscle shortens as it contracts. This force occurs when the force generated by the muscle exceeds the load opposing the contraction.

Negative work is when the muscle acts to decelerate the joint or otherwise control the repositioning of the load and protects the joints structure from damage. This is eccentric action.

For example, the lifting phase in a biceps curl is the concentric action, while lowering is the eccentric action.

In natural movement or locomotion, the muscle contractions are multi-faceted as they can provide changes in length and tension in a time-varying manner. Strength training involves both eccentric and concentric contractions to move the resistance.

An emphasis on the eccentric-muscle phase of the movement in resistance training is being researched and shows positive results in speeding recovery and rehabilitation of weak or injured tendons. According to the research, the energy cost of eccentric training is very low, while the magnitude of the force produced is unusually high. Therefore, muscles respond to eccentric training with meaningful changes in strength, size and power.

Muscles are stronger eccentrically than concentrically, which means you can lower a load with greater strength than lift a load. For example, doing a pull-up is a challenging exercise; however, it is easier to lower from the top of the pull-up than it is for the pulling phase. By practising the lowering you will gain strength to accomplish the pull-up.

A simple way to bring eccentric training into your resistance-training workout is to spend two to three times longer on the eccentric phase than the concentric phase of the exercise.

For example, you may lift the weight concentrically for a tempo of one to two seconds and lower the weight, eccentrically for a tempo of three to six seconds. This increases the time the muscle is in a state of contraction—referred to as time under tension when training.

The movements of daily life require eccentric control to decelerate the momentum of the body’s movement. Training eccentrically will give you more strength for everyday activities such as walking downstairs or downhill, or in sports such as pickleball and tennis where it requires you to stop and start frequently with changes of direction.

However, the research concludes that eccentric and concentric action are both very effective and important for optimal development of muscle strength and size, and resistance training programs should include concentric, eccentric, and isometric training. Ideally you should vary your strength-training program periodically for the best results.

Sample Total Body Eccentric Training Workout

Warm up for five minutes with dynamic mobility exercises. 

Choose a resistance load that will create enough overload and fatigue in the repetition range recommended. 

Cool down with full-body range of motion and stretching exercises.

Photography by Mauricio Lozano Del Valle

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Hybrid workouts are intended to give you more for your time spent exercising. A well-designed hybrid class will deliver a wide range of benefits in one total-body workout. Some of the most popular hybrid workouts combine dance, Pilates and fitness. Barre classes are a fusion of body conditioning with basic dance elements, postural awareness and breathing techniques from Pilates and calisthenics. Some classes may include the use of small equipment and light weights. These workouts can help with alignment training, muscle endurance, skill development, balance and flexibility. Barre Fusion, Barre Power, the Barre Method are all fusion classes.

Dance fitness classes are growing with commercial programs such as Shaun T’s Cize and workouts such as Pulse, CardioDance, DanceFit that combine choreography from music videos with fitness for a dance party on the gym floor. Piloxing workouts involve choreographed kick-boxing and Pilates. Nia combines dance, martial arts and mindfulness. Some classes pair traditional martial arts with fitness, as in Tae Bo.

If you like moving to a beat, Pound classes combine drumming with aerobic choreography. Yoga, dance, Pilates and fitness classes are being blended in many ways. Fusion Workouts, Yoga Core, PiYo and D’Fine are all examples of creative blends of these disciplines that focus on core, strength and mobility training. Yoga and Pilates complement each other as Pilates stability exercises are done on the floor and many yoga poses that stress movment are done standing.

The other category of workout classes gaining popularity combine more than one technique into a training session. These combinations seem endless, however the most popular trending workout combos are: Spin and Yin, Spin and Lift, Row and Ride, Row and Yoga and the list goes on.

Some hybrid workouts may not give you the results of the authentic training methods. For example, riding a bike while lifting weights robs you of the benefits of cardiovascular riding and provides limited strength gains as exercises are done with light weights in a seated position. Staying true to the training principles of each activity is important for the best results.

If you want to spice up your workout routine, connect with your local fitness club and try a new fusion workout!